Determinants of Exercise-Induced Mitral Regurgitation Using Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography Combined With Isometric Handgrip Exercise

Using three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and isometric handgrip exercise (IHE), we investigated the determinants of exercise-induced mitral regurgitation (MR) according to MR etiologies. Seventy-six patients with more than moderate MR, 40 functional (FMR) 36 degenerative (DMR), underwent 3D TEE combined IHE. Mitral valve (MV) geometry vena contracta area (3D VCA) were simultaneously evaluated at baseline during With regard Δ3D VCA was calculated as difference between IHE caused different changes in MV etiologies led exacerbation baseline. Larger observed FMR group compared DMR (15.9 ± 10.3 mm2 versus 7.3 4.2 mm2; p < 0.0001). In multivariate analyses, tenting height selected independent factors associated (p = 0.0135 0.0201, respectively), while flail width an factor 0.0066). conclusion, alters causes regardless etiology differed